Management for Organization - 1603 Words

Final Paper D’Andrea Jackson MGT330: Management for Organizations Kyle Kontour May 18, 2015 Final Paper The five management functions are used in all organizations, which are planning, organizing, staffing, leading and control. Each one of these functions is applied to make sure that the organization is successful with hitting the goals, within the organization. This helps with employees, managers, supervisors and also human resource, to make sure that the organization is successful and the organizational goals are achieved. The company that I†¦show more content†¦She would write a job description based on what the manager of the department is looking for. I have seen this process happen many times, I actually was her office when she was posting the job descriptions on career builder, indeed and also craigslist. In this organization there is a personality test that all applicants must take in order to be qualified for the position. Angela not only posts the job descriptions on the internet, but she also interviews the applicants with the manager of the departmen t. Baack (2014) stated that â€Å"staffing includes the recruiting, selecting, training, evaluating, compensating, and disciplining of employees within the organization. Staffing has become a preeminent function of contemporary managers†. Human resources make sure to analyze the applicants resume, and see what their strengths are and also the applicant must have a great personality, and the ability to be able to complete tasks within the department. If Angela is looking for a manager or supervisor she would speak with the CEO of the organization to see what he is looking for, the CEO and Angela will interview the applicants together to make sure that they right for the organization. This process in the organization starts off with planning with Angela who is in humanShow MoreRelatedOrganization And Management : Organization1742 Words   |  7 Pages Organisation and Management [Writer’s Name] [Institute’s Name]â€Æ' Organisation and Management 1. 1.1 The concept of â€Å"leadership by example† means to have a leader who does the exact thing that he is asking his employees to do. For instance, if a manager is asking his employees to leave by 5 pm for the day, then the manager should himself leave by 5 pm as well. If he stays back to get more work done, he would eventually make his employees feel guilty which might result in them staying lateRead MoreManagement And Management Of An Organization993 Words   |  4 Pagesone of the key players in organizations that are involved in the development and management of an organization. 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Project management activities should be aligned with top-level business direction, and if there is a change, then project objectives need to be realigned. In a project environment, changes to project objectives affectRead MoreOrganization and Management Analysis1470 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Organizational and management analysis are an essential part of organizational environment. In the modern world, working environment characteristics are team work, delegation, information technology interfaces, which have an impact on the effectiveness of organization and management. This helps in cost reduction, decrease in environmental waste, improved employee satisfaction and an increase in overall productivity. To have an organizational and management analysis review of organizational charts

Bussiness Environment - 1600 Words

Assignment brief BTEC Higher National Diploma (Business) Level 4 ACADEMIC COLLEGE OF LONDON |Unit Number |1 | |Unit Title |Business Environment | |Name of the Assessor | | |Date of Issue | | |Submission |†¦show more content†¦Usually, adjustments would be made to strengthen the organization on the areas considered to lack the right competences. As a student of this course, you are expected to demonstrate you understand the challenges thrown by the environment within which businesses operate. You are to analyse these challenges and show how organizations are poised to address them without losing focus of the overall aims and objectives of their business. You are to assume you are a manager in the retail giant of your choice, such as TESCO, and together with a team of consultants you have been asked to compile and analyse the pressures and problems confronting your employing organization. You will present these findings in the form of a report covering a range of tasks. Tasks: 1. Identify the mission, objectives and responsibilities of the organization within its environment. †¢ Identify the mission, values and key objectives of the organization and explain how it differs for different organizations. (P1) †¢ Evaluate the extent to which the organization achieves the objectives of these stakeholders.(P2) †¢ Explain the responsibilities of the organization and strategies employed to meet them, towards all stakeholders.(P3) 2. Investigate the economic, social and global environment in which organizations operate. †¢ Explain how economic systems attempt to allocate and make effective use of resources.Show MoreRelatedBussiness Environment1585 Words   |  7 PagesDiploma (Business) Level 4 ACADEMIC COLLEGE OF LONDON |Unit Number |1 | |Unit Title |Business Environment | |Name of the Assessor | | |Date of Issue Read MoreThe Economic Environment P1, P2 M1, D1 Unit 38 Bussiness Studies3324 Words   |  14 PagesUnit 38: Business amp; the Economic Environment Task 1 – P1, P2, M1 amp; D1 Introduction In this assignment I am going to explain the effects of changes in the economic environment for Nissan UK. I am then going to analyse the impact that government policies have on Nissan UK. I am then going to evaluate the impact of changes in the economic environment to Nissan UK. The effect of changes in the economic environment has an effect on Nissan UK. 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This project is done by the use of BIM method in New Zealand construction industry. That is, virtual model is coordinated for the design and construction by the use of BIM. This facility is to give a stress free environment to the patients and to give maximum comfort. This is attained by the collaboration of a virtual modelling. BIM was used in this project as a planning tool with a good level of communication and data sharing between all the members in the projectRead MoreSample Resume : Business Management Essay2230 Words   |  9 Pagescharities and has a particular interest in the Breast Cancer Research Trust. In 2007 she has become an appointed Patron in recognition of her dedication and support to the Trust. Trelise Cooper is also a big supporter of Habitat fo r Humanity charity. (Bussiness of Fashion, 2015) 1. Introduction to Trelise Cooper 1.1 A brief overview of the company – history of Trelise Cooper. 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Term Paper Intro to I.T. Free Essays

Week 10 Term Paper Tommy Coney, Jr. CIS 106 – Introduction to Information Technology Week 10 Term Paper Professor Clifton G. Howell, Ph. We will write a custom essay sample on Term Paper Intro to I.T. or any similar topic only for you Order Now D. The technology that I feel has created a paradigm shift and is now as well as further in the future is Cloud Computing. By definition Cloud computing is s a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e. g. , networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. Mell Grance, 2011) Cloud computing is one of the leading buzz terms in the world of IT today. Seemingly every possible solution has been enhanced with the mere addition of the word â€Å"cloud†. Cloud computing refers to  applications  and services offered over the Internet. These services are offered from data centers all over the world, which collectively are referred to as the â€Å"cloud. † This metaphor represents the intangible, yet universal nature of the Internet. The idea of the â€Å"cloud† simplifies the many network connections  and computer systems involved in online  services. In fact, many network diagrams use the image of a cloud to represent the Internet. This symbolizes the Internet’s broad reach, while simplifying its complexity. Any user with an Internet connection can access  the cloud and the services it provides. Since these services are often connected, users can share information between multiple systems and with other users. Examples of this technology include online  backup  services,  social networking  services, and personal data services such as Apple’s MobileMe. Cloud computing also includes online applications, such as those offered through Microsoft Online Services. Hardware services, such as redundant servers,  mirrored  websites, and Internet-based  clusters are also examples of cloud computing. (â€Å"Technology terms,† 2009) In its own way, â€Å"paradigm shift† has lost much of its meaning over the past twenty years through overuse. Each year, changes in technology are heralded as paradigm shifts, changes that will alter the IT landscape. There are two keys to this definition. The first is the recognition of value produced from an IT environment. Value is less clearly defined than a more concrete metric like cost or performance, but value multiplies throughout an environment and increases with the expansion of the scope and reach of systems. Reduced cost for the same eventual value is a plus, but mere lower cost does not create the dramatic value required in the definition of a paradigm shift. The second key is the recognition that the value must be accrued by the eventual users in an organization. Once again, allowing IT departments to fulfill their mandates better or for less expense is certainly positive, but without the demand for value driven by consumers of IT services, you will not see the sort of changes required to classify an innovation as a paradigm shift. Cloud computing does, when properly implemented, deliver vastly more value to IT consumers, it does in fact, fit the definition of a paradigm shift. And cloud computing will, over the next 3-5 years, dramatically change the landscape of information technology. Because of this, an errant choice could not only waste money but, more importantly, lead you down a detour that will delay your adoption of cloud computing and leave you at a competitive disadvantage (Greenwald, 2011) A paradigm shift can produce a tidal wave of increased value from IT resources, but nothing comes for free. In order to get these great accumulations of new value, IT departments may have to modify the way they think about, design and implement systems. To understand this, you only need think back to the dawn of graphical user interfaces, where old applications were created with a â€Å"GUI† (Graphical User Interface) interface, but ended up as just a bit of makeup on an earlier generation of technology. The new look did not produce new value, and were fairly rapidly rejected by consumers. In the same way, the great benefits of the cloud do not naturally accrue by simply shifting your IT stack to an outsourced provider. You may, for the sake of expediency or organizational necessity, choose to follow this route to get some advantages without extensive modifications to your existing solutions. (Greenwald, 2011) There are however advantages and disadvantages to cloud computing. Some of the advantages are; Convenience, Security, Backups, Collaboration and being environmentally friendly. Convenience meaning you can access your data anywhere you can connect to the Internet. Security being that most companies use industrial level security software and practices which make it harder for hackers to get at your data. That’s harder, but not impossible. Backups being, you have a backup of your data in case your local computer crashes. Collaboration being that with your permission, others can access, view, and modify your documents. Environmentally friendly means it takes fewer resources to cloud compute, thus saving energy. Some businesses take it a step further and incorporate cloud computing into their telecommuting strategies. (Morris, 2011) The disadvantages to cloud computing are; security breaches, outages, storage limits, slow speeds, and limited features. Security breaches meaning that remote  server security  makes it harder, but not impossible, for hackers to reach your data. If there is a compromise of the server or servers where your data is stored, your personal information may be exposed to the world. There’s also a good chance that more than just your information may be affected, we’re talking possibly millions of other users. Outages meaning, have you ever been unable to access your email due to your provider being down? Now, imagine if you needed a document for an important business meeting or presentation and your  storage provider’s site was down. Believe me it happens, and it happens at the most inconvenient times. Storage limits meaning that while your local hard drive may be able to hold 500GB or more of data, unfortunately a remote server may only allow you to freely store about 5GB. If you want more room, you’ll have to pay. Still, even with a paid account, it can’t begin to touch the amount of room you have locally. There also may be a limit on the size of the data that can be stored. Slow speeds of course being uploading and downloading of large documents may take a long time. Limited features being that if you use remote software that’s provided by the storage service to manipulate and modify your data, it usually lacks the features of a program running locally. (Morris, 2011) To understand exactly how cloud computing works, let’s consider that the cloud consists of layers -mainly the back end layers and the front end layers. The front layers are the parts you see and interact with. When you access your profile on your Facebook account for example, you are using software running on the front end of the cloud. The back end consists of the hardware and the software architecture that delivers the data you see on the front end. Clouds use a network layer to connect users’ end point devices, like computers or smart phones, to resources that are centralized in a data center. Users can access the data centre via a company network or the internet or both. Clouds can also be accessed from any location, allowing mobile workers to access their business systems on demand. Applications running on the cloud take advantage of the flexibility of the computing power available. The computers are set up to work together so that it appears as if the applications were running on one particular machine. This flexibility is a major advantage of cloud computing, allowing the user to use as much or as little of the cloud resources as they want at short notice, without any assigning any specific hardware for the job in advance. I think the easiest way to explain this was through Wikipedia â€Å"End users access cloud-based  applications  through a  web browser  or a light-weight desktop or  mobile application  while the business software  and user’s data are stored on servers at a remote location. Proponents claim that cloud computing allows enterprises to get their applications up and running faster, with improved manageability and less maintenance, and enables IT to more rapidly adjust resources to meet fluctuating and unpredictable business demand. † (Wikipedia, 2012) Cloud computing is the delivery of computing as a service rather than a product, whereby shared resources, software and information are provided to computers and other devices as a utility like the electricity grid over a network typically the Internet. Cloud computing is as described above and should be seen as such. It can be a benefit if used properly but make no mistake about it, it needs to be configured correctly to maximize each and every benefit. I gave 5 pros and cons to using the cloud computing but there are more and all should be explored before committing to the use of cloud computing. References Mell, P. , Grance, T. (2011). Retrieved from US Department of Commerce website: http://csrc. nist. gov/publications/nistpubs/800-145/SP800-145. pdf (Mell Grance, 2011) Greenwald, R. (2011, November). Creating value with the oracle database cloud service. Retrieved from ttp://www. oracle. com/technetwork/database/database-cloud/public/extreme-productivity-wp-1844125. pdf (Greenwald, 2011) Technology terms. (2009, April 23). Retrieved from http://www. techterms. com/definition/cloud_computing (â€Å"Technology terms,† 2009) Morris, K. (2011, Spetember 26). Five advantages and disadvantages of cloud computing. Retrieved from http://www. examiner. com/article/five-advantages-and-disadvan tages-of-cloud-computing (Morris, 2011) Wikipedia. (2012, August 13). Wikipedia. Retrieved from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Cloud_computing (Wikipedia, 2012) How to cite Term Paper Intro to I.T., Essays

Amazon E-Business Applications

Question: Discuss about theAmazon E-Business Applications. Answer: Introduction E-business is now a trend in the business world today. Among the factors that have made e-business possible is technology. The twenty-first century has been a transformation century where the world has changed in terms of technology. Communication technology has become so common to the extent that the world has now become a global village. People on different sides of the world can communicate easily. The rampancy of communication technology paved the way for the international market (Alaine et al. 2009). People can now buy items beyond their borders at the touch of a button. Thus, the essence of this report is to discover how e-commerce works by studying Amazon, which is an e-business. The report will be instrumental in creating awareness about the existence of this market which will increase the use of this market. Understanding how the e-business system works will increase the appreciation of technology. Amazons Operations Amazon, by reputation, is the worlds largest retailer operating over the internet. It is an online company that retails goods all over the world. Using the Internet, a customer can order anything from anywhere in the world (Swarman et al. 2006). Once the client can identify the items of interest, the client will be asked to pay via credit card. People are always skeptic about inputting their credit card details over the internet because of the high risks involved. The internet is a vast place which means that anyone can tap into the information flowing in it (Foster and Lin 2007). Therefore, availing your credit card details could result in many things such as identity theft which is a common problem today. However, Amazon uses the latest of firewall and antivirus protection software which is updated on a regular basis. The software comes in handy especially because it encrypts all the information within the network. The advantage of this is that even if the network is tapped into, the hacker will not be able to access this information which leaves the client safe (Hsiu 2008). After the payment information has been inputted, the recipient at Amazons offices will take up the order and select the items that the client has ordered. Once that is done, they ship the goods to the country that the client is in. Amazon is an interesting business because it makes it possible for people living in the remotest of areas to get everything that they need even if it is not found in that country. For long distances, the goods are put on a ship which sails for several days depending on the distance. Ease of Use of the E-Commerce Site Amazons website, amazon.com, is a site that is very easy to use owing to the fact that every detail is available. For a website to be easy to use, there is a need for a step by step process to enable the clients to use the system faster. Faster services means that the clients will be more appreciative (Jerome and Chih 2010). That will increase the level of customer loyalty which is a highly valued commodity in the market today. The website uses web technology to improve the attractiveness of the site. For example, the website uses actual video advertisements for commodities such as clothes. The video, in this case, showcases models in different dresses. The site being attractive means that the clients will enjoy using the site. By using these visual aids, it is easier for clients to navigate the online system. E- Business Applications Currently Used Amazon uses an affiliate program which allows for businesses and individual clients to earn by advertising Amazons products. That is an advertising tool that Amazon uses to market its services. Amazon also allows for online sales where its retail services permit businesses to sell their products on the same platform. That allow for Amazon to earn from these businesses as they are paid a commission for providing this service. Once the businesses create their accounts, they upload an inventory (Despotovic et al. 2013). After they sale their products, the money these businesses get paid for they pay Amazon for using their services. Amazon released a self-publishing site in 2011 where they allow writers to publish their books, movies without having to use a publishing company as an intermediate. An advantage that this site brings is that it allows the writers to own their copyrights. Amazon has also invested in a fulfillment program which is an e-business application that allows businesses to store their products and ship them from Amazons fulfillment center. When businesses purchase their products, they send them to Amazons fulfillment center where these products are cataloged into the system. This program enables businesses to sell their products all over the world (Chen et al. 2016). When a business sells its products on Amazons website, Amazon fulfills the orders for the businesses customers and sends them to the clients. That chain allows for e-business to function appropriately. Amazon allows for business to run beyond the national boundaries by ensuring that goods reach the intended persons (Ragothaman et al. 2007). Using its resources, Amazon has a network that ensures that there is ample communication between businesses all over the world. With this increased linkages, e-business is possible. E-Commerce Marketing Strategies Marketing strategies for Amazon include the affiliate program which has been mentioned earlier. The affiliate program allows for Amazons clientele to earn by referring others to use Amazons services. The earning is a motivational factor which encourages these clients to continually refer others to the system. Using this program creates awareness of the online retailer which increases the number of clientele. Amazon also uses B2B and B2C strategies to increase the awareness of people. Under B2B, Amazon invites other businesses to use its services using B2B applications (Lucia et al. 2014). That ensures that Amazon can maintain a good relationship with their clients. It also provides businesses with an easy way to move their money and products. Amazon provides these services at a good price which makes them a convenient service provider. B2C is where Amazon endeavors to create a good relationship with the consumers. E- Commerce Supply Chain Strategy Amazon has multiple distribution points which enable them to make a faster delivery. The company serves the entire world with its product delivery service. Internet consumers want faster delivery of all the products they order over the internet. To earn the loyalty of these customers, Amazon ensures that it provides faster delivery of products by having multiple distribution points all over the world (Bordonaba et al. 2012). Once an order comes through, a distribution point closest to the clients area is alerted. The products are processed and fulfilled immediately. By having a distribution point close to the customer reduces freight costs which save the company serious finances. Freight costs increase the operation costs of the organization which mean that it reduces the profit margin. By ensuring that the supply chain is short, Amazon can have lower operational costs. E- Commerce Security Strategies Engaging in e-commerce comes with a lot of risks especially because the business operates over the internet. The risks are there because information transferred over the internet is prone to attack. The internet is an open space where everyone has access to. When Amazon allows individuals to create private accounts, they post private information on the internet. If poached, this information could be worth a lot of money for black marketers. Hackers can reach sensitive information which can be used to black mail people (Bogdanovic et al. 2014). Therefore, to deal with this security issue, Amazon uses sophisticated servers which are kept safe from everyday traffic. The internet is protected by a firewall which filters information sent through the network. Moreover, the information sent through the internet is encrypted to make it harder for hackers to reach the information. IT Architecture A scalable service can be described as one whose performance increases in a proportional manner to the amount of resources added. Amazon was able to grow from a bookstore to a fully decentralized service providing company. Their first system was written in C++. From then, Amazon shifted its systems into a service-oriented culture which allowed for the building of many software components independently and rapidly. The companys system was able to grow into hundreds of services where a series of application servers aggregate the information received from the website applications. That allows Amazon to function and provide its uptight delivery services. Recommendation Amazon is a company that is using the latest of technology and software in its line of business. However, for this company to retain its market position, there is a need for the company to embrace research and development. Amazon is in a risky business in that the risks involved with dealing with information over the internet is high (Lin 2013). Therefore, without having proper preventive measures to ensure that its networks are kept clear of hackers. By embracing research and development, the company will be able to keep track of the latest technological and software advancements that they can use to secure their servers. Conclusion Understanding how e-business functions is a good idea primarily because it can provide insight into how to make it better. Amazon, as a company, has its strategic goals and objectives such as growth, diversity, and expansion. There is a need for people to be aware that this delivery service exists. When people know that they can get anything from anywhere in the world, they will be able to get anything. There are things that someone may want, but he or she may lack it because it does not exist in the country. Through Amazon, it is possible to get anything from anywhere in the world at the touch of a button. References Alain Yee-Loong, C, Keng-Boon, O, Binshan, L, Shu Yi, T 2009, 'Influence of interorganizational relationships on SMEs' e-business adoption', Internet Research, 19, 3, pp. 313-331 Bogdanovi, Z, Bara, D, Popovi, S, Jovani, B, Radenkovi, B 2014, 'Evaluation of mobile assessment in a learning management system', British Journal Of Educational Technology, 45, 2, pp. 231-244 Bordonaba-Juste, V, Lucia-Palacios, L, Polo-Redondo, Y 2012, 'Antecedents and consequences of e-business adoption for European retailers', Internet Research, 22, 5, pp. 532-550 Chen, Y, Jaw, Y, Wu, B 2016, 'Effect of digital transformation on organisational performance of SMEs', Internet Research, 26, 1, pp. 186-212 Despotovi-Zraki, M, Simi, K, Labus, A, Mili, A, Jovani, B 2013, 'Scaffolding Environment for e-Learning through Cloud Computing', Journal Of Educational Technology Society, 16, 3, pp. 301-314 Foster, J, Lin, A 2007, 'Approaches to studying and students' use of a computer supported learning environment', Education For Information, 25, 3/4, pp. 155-168 Hsiu-Fen, L 2008, 'Empirically testing innovation characteristics and organizational learning capabilities in e-business implementation success', Internet Research, 18, 1, pp. 60-78 Jerome Dauw-Song, Z, Chih-Te, L 2010, ''The Antecedents And Consequences Of E-Service Quality For Online Banking', Social Behavior Personality: An International Journal, 38, 8, pp. 1009-1018 Lin, H 2013, 'The effects of knowledge management capabilities and partnership attributes on the stage-based e-business diffusion', Internet Research, 23, 4, pp. 439-464 Lucia-Palacios, L, Bordonaba-Juste, V, Polo-Redondo, Y, Grnhagen, M 2014, 'E-business implementation and performance: analysis of mediating factors', Internet Research, 24, 2, pp. 223-245 Ragothaman, S, Lavin, A, Davies, T 2007, 'P'Perceptions Of Accounting Practitioners And Educators On E-Business Curriculum And Web Security Issues', College Student Journal, 41, 1, pp. 59-68 Swatman, P, Krueger, C, van der Beek, K 2006, 'The changing digital content landscape: An evaluation of e-business model development in European online news and music', Internet Research, 16, 1, pp. 53-80

How does neo-Marxist or post-Marxist theories of ideology differ from the classical Marxist tradition Essay Example

How does neo-Marxist or post-Marxist theories of ideology differ from the classical Marxist tradition? Essay In a recent BBC online poll for finding the greatest thinker of the Millenium, Karl Marx came first. That Marx beat Albert Einstein, Charles Darwin and Stephen Hawking among other leaders in their fields amounts to a big statement of Marx’s relevance in the new millenium. The relevance of the results is magnified when we consider that neo-liberal capitalism has established itself as the dominant economic ideology today. With many leading economists of our time, including Thomas Friedman, Joseph Heath (and to a lesser extent Paul Krugman and Joseph Stiglitz) not being critical of the capitalist ideology, the poll results give away the public pulse on this important issue. It is reasonable to assume that public sentiment and government economic policies (usually informed by contemporary economists noted above) are pulling in opposite directions. And the tensions created by these opposing tendencies are already giving rise to widespread social unrest, as shown by the emergen ce of the global solidarity movement and the World Social Forum. (Frankel,1997, p.58) In this context, it makes for an interesting exercise to understand contemporary interpretations, revisions and adaptations of Marxism, which have come to be termed variously as neo-Marxism and post-Marxism. Some of the leading figures in the neo-Marxist movement are Georg Lukacs, Antonio Gramsci, Max Weber, Karl Korsch and others. To a lesser extent French existentialist philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre and Frankfurt School founders Max Horkheimer and Theodor W. Adorno contributed to the broader understanding of traditional Marxist theories. One of the driving forces for neo-Marxist and post-Marxist thought is the perceived inadequacies of conventional Marxist ideology in explaining and providing solutions to common politico-economic problems. For example, in the century and a half that has passed since Marx’s original theoretical formulation, only a few violence-ridden revolutions have taken place – a fact that belies Marx’s prophecies on communist revolutions. The establishment of socialist regimes at the end of such revolutions too have not lasted for long (barring the case of China). Even politically overhauling events such as the two world wars have not spurre d the implementation of communist ideology in a meaningful manner. While the erstwhile Soviet Union was nominally a communist state, in reality it was a brutal dictatorship not hesitant to crack the whip on its own masses. In the case of China, which is considered the last bastion for Marxist ideology, inequities between the elite and the masses has widened multi-fold since the country joined the neo-liberal bandwagon. (Frankel,1997, p.63) It is no surprise then, that traditional Marxism continues to be scrutinized and analysed for possible chinks in its ideological composition. This is the rationale for the emergence of neo-Marxist and post-Marxist ideologies of the last century, which is continuing even today. While neo-Marxist ideologies that have emerged in the twentieth century can be said to refine and reconfigure aspects of traditional Marxism, post-Marxism goes a step further and radically redefines its theoretical foundations. We will write a custom essay sample on How does neo-Marxist or post-Marxist theories of ideology differ from the classical Marxist tradition? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How does neo-Marxist or post-Marxist theories of ideology differ from the classical Marxist tradition? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How does neo-Marxist or post-Marxist theories of ideology differ from the classical Marxist tradition? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Intellectuals like Antonio Gramsci, Georg Lukacs and Karl Korsch are identified as the first wave of neo-marxist theorists, who have made immense contributions to the Marxist discourse. Antonio Gramsci was born in 1891, into a poor Italian family. Having seen his father’s financial struggles first-hand, as well as suffering due to his chronic bad health, it was natural for Gramsci to gravitate toward Marxist ideology. Despite not having a strong formal education, the self-educated Gramsci soon gained a reputation for his insightful scholarship and revolutionary thoughts. At a very young age he became the leader of the Communist Party of Italy. But the prospects for both his own personal security and the survival of his party were threatened by the rise of Fascism under Benito Mussolini. (Mclellan, 2007, p.11) Inspired by Marxist ideology at a very young age, Gramsci’s lifetime work involved identifying drawbacks in traditional Marxist thought and offering new solutions for old problems. One of his chief contributions was the notion of ‘hegemony’, which can be defined as the ideological co-option of the proletariat by the bourgeoisie. Gramsci was the first to identify that physical force is no longer the primary instrument of coercion and subordination of the proletariat. To the contrary it is the ideological conversion of the minds of the working class into believing the bourgeoisie propaganda. It should be remembered that under traditional Marxist framework, it was state power, as expressed by the police and bureaucracy which was the primary instrument of working class subordination. Gramsci correctly identified and expressed how this no longer holds true. Indeed, while Marx recognized the role of police in maintaining economic order, it was neo-Marxists such as Gramsci and Weber who explained new manifestations of power. (Mclellan, 2007, p.142) Gramsci notes in his Prison Notebooks that hegemony is a condition â€Å"in which the supremacy of a social group is achieved not only by physical force (which Gramsci called â€Å"domination† or â€Å"command†) but also through consensual submission of the very people who were dominated (a phenomenon that Gramsci variously called â€Å"leadership,† â€Å"direction,† or â€Å"hegemony†).† (Litowitz, 2000. p. 515) He goes on to say that there are two axes of domination: â€Å"The supremacy of a social group manifests itself in two ways, as â€Å"domination† and as â€Å"intellectual and moral leadership†. A social group dominates antagonistic groups, which it tends to â€Å"liquidate†, or to subjugate perhaps even by armed force; it leads kindred and allied groups. A social group can, and indeed must, already exercise â€Å"leadership† before winning governmental power (this indeed is one of the principal conditions for the winning of such power); it subsequently becomes dominant when it exercises power, but even if it holds it firmly in its grasp, it must continue to â€Å"lead† as well.† (Litowitz, 2000. p. 515) Gramsci’s notion of hegemony finds resonance in modern political discourse in the works of Noam Chomsky, the MIT linguist and philosopher. His book Manufacturing Consent (first published in 1988 and made into an award winning documentary film a few years later) talks about ruling-class propaganda apparatus, which has become the most potent mechanism of suppressing dissent and unrest in the general population. Drawing upon the conception of ‘hegemony’ by Gramsci, Chomsky himself had written a book titled ‘Hegemony or Survival’, which is a strong critique of American foreign policy under neo-liberal capitalist ideology. Unlike Gramsci, though, Chomsky cannot be bracketed under neo-Marxist or post-Marxist ideologies. While decidedly belonging to the American and global Left, Chomskyan analysis is remarkable for its ideological underplay while maintaining analytic rigour. (Bieler Morton, 2004, p.86) While the connection between the pervasion of hegemony and the education system is articulated most clearly by Chomsky, it was Gramsci who first identified its presence. According to him, the term ‘intellectual’ in the conventional sense is no longer accurate in describing those representatives of bourgeoisie who assume positions of power in the academia and mainstream media. In media parlance, what are called ‘talking heads’ are there to serve the interests of their own class, which is usually the ruling class. And hence, their interpretations and opinions should be treated with scepticism by the working classes. (Bieler Morton, 2004, p.89) Having first recognized that hegemony entails the battle for people’s minds, Gramsci went on to point out the role of bourgeoisie intellectuals in perpetrating hegemony by subtly restricting the range of thought and opinion. Hegemony could be seen in operation in major institutions such as the courts and th e parliaments. While the conventional mode of domination is linked to â€Å"coercive state action by the courts, the police, the army, and the national guard†, the modern mode of hegemony is â€Å"more insidious and complicated to achieve. It involves subduing and co-opting dissenting voices through subtle dissemination of the dominant group’s perspective as universal and natural, to the point where the dominant beliefs and practices become an intractable component of common sense. In a hegemonic regime, an unjust social arrangement is internalized and endlessly reinforced in schools, churches, institutions, scholarly exchanges, museums, and popular culture. Gramsci’s work on hegemony provides a useful starting point for legal scholars who understand that domination is often subtle, invisible, and consensual.† (Litowitz, 2000. p. 515) Max Weber is another important intellectual who has added to the neo-Marxist body of work. Weber, who was a successor to the socio-economic analytic tradition established by Marx, made critical observations of many of Marx’s theories and expanded traditional Marxist ideology. While Weber made important contributions to Marx’s work, he also brought in unique sociological perspectives to communist commentary. In this sense, Weber’s approach to explaining the rise of modern society can be stated as a ‘debate with the ghost of Karl Marx’ (Bakker, 1999, p.289). To begin with, there is considerable overlap between both their viewpoints, especially with respect to state power in capitalist societies. This is most visible in the role played by police, which is a law-enforcing agency. While the stated purpose of this agency is to serve the interests of the general public, it inevitably sides-up the wealthy and the powerful. In what is a neo-Marxist sys thesis spanning Marx, Weber and Chomsky, the role played by propaganda in modern societies can be seen as another manifestation of the conventional role played by police in controlling public unrest.

The Mughal Empires 300-Year Rule of India

The Mughal Empires 300-Year Rule of India The Mughal Empire (also known as Mogul, Timurid, or Hindustan empire) is considered one of the classic periods of Indias long and amazing history. In 1526, Zahir-ud-Din Muhammad Babur, a man with Mongol heritage from central Asia, established a foothold in the Indian subcontinent which was to last for more than three centuries. By 1650, the Mughal Empire was one of three leading powers of the Islamic world- the so-called Gunpowder Empires- which also included the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Persia. At its height, around 1690, the Mughal Empire ruled almost the entire subcontinent of India, controlling four million square kilometers of land and a population of about 160 million. Economics and Organization The Mughal emperors (or Great Mughals) were despotic rulers who relied upon and held sway over a large number of ruling elites. The imperial court included officers, bureaucrats, secretaries, court historians, and accountants, who produced astounding documentation of the empires day-to-day operations. The elites were organized on the basis of the mansabdari system, a military and administrative system developed by Genghis Khan and applied by the Mughal leaders to classify the nobility. The emperor controlled the nobles lives, from who they married to their education in arithmetic, agriculture, medicine, household management, and the rules of government. The economic life of the empire was buoyed by a strong international market trade, including goods produced by farmers and artisans. The emperor and his court were supported by taxation and the ownership of a region known as the Khalisa Sharifa, which varied in size with the emperor. The rulers also established Jagirs, feudal land grants which were commonly administered by local leaders. Rules of Succession Although each classic period Mughal ruler was the son of his predecessor, the succession was by no means one of primogeniture- the eldest did not necessarily win his fathers throne. In the Mughal world, every son had an equal share in his fathers patrimony, and all males within a ruling group had a right to succeed to the throne, creating an open-ended, if contentious, system. Each son was semi-independent of his father and received semipermanent territorial holdings when he was deemed old enough to manage them. There were often fierce battles among the princes when a ruler died. The rule of succession could be summed up by the Persian phrase Takht, ya takhta (either throne or funeral bier). The Founding of the Mughal Empire The young prince Babur, who was descended from Timur on his fathers side and Genghis Khan on his mothers, finished his conquest of northern India in 1526, defeating the Delhi Sultan Ibrahim Shah Lodi at the First Battle of Panipat. Babur was a refugee from the fierce dynastic struggles in Central Asia; his uncles and other warlords had repeatedly denied him rule over the Silk Road cities of Samarkand and Fergana, his birthright. Babur was able to establish a base in Kabul, though, from which he turned south and conquered much of the Indian subcontinent. Babur called his dynasty Timurid, but it is better known as the Mughal Dynasty- a Persian rendering of the word Mongol. Baburs Reign Babur was never able to conquer Rajputana, home of the warlike Rajputs. He ruled over the rest of northern India and the plain of the Ganges River, though. Although he was a Muslim, Babur followed a rather loose interpretation of the Quran in some ways. He drank heavily at his famously lavish feasts, and also enjoyed smoking hashish. Baburs flexible and tolerant religious views would be all the more evident in his grandson, Akbar the Great. In 1530, Babur died at the age of 47. His eldest son Humayan fought off an attempt to seat his aunts husband as emperor  and assumed the throne. Baburs body was returned to Kabul, Afghanistan, nine years after his death, and buried in the Bagh-e Babur. Height of the Mughals Humayan was not a very strong leader. In 1540, the Pashtun ruler Sher Shah Suri defeated the Timurids, deposing Humayan. The second Timurid emperor only regained his throne with aid from Persia in 1555, a year before his death, but at that time he managed even to expand on Baburs empire. When Humayan died after a fall down the stairs, his 13-year-old son Akbar was crowned. Akbar defeated the remnants of the Pashtuns and brought some previously unquelled Hindu regions under Timurid control. He also gained control over Rajput through diplomacy and marriage alliances. Akbar was an enthusiastic patron of literature, poetry, architecture, science, and painting. Although he was a committed Muslim, Akbar encouraged religious tolerance  and sought wisdom from holy men of all faiths. He became known as Akbar the Great. Shah Jahan and the Taj Mahal Akbars son, Jahangir, ruled the Mughal Empire in peace and prosperity from 1605 until 1627. He was succeeded by his own son, Shah Jahan. The 36-year-old Shah Jahan inherited an incredible empire in 1627, but any joy he felt would be short-lived. Just four years later, his beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal, died during the birth of their 14th child. The emperor went into deep mourning and was not seen in public for a year. As an expression of his love, Shah Jahan commissioned the building of a magnificent tomb for his dear wife. Designed by the Persian architect Ustad Ahmad Lahauri, and constructed of white marble, the Taj Mahal is considered the crowning achievement of Mughal architecture. The Mughal Empire Weakens Shah Jahans third son, Aurangzeb, seized the throne and had all of his brothers executed after a protracted succession struggle in 1658. At the time, Shah Jahan was still alive, but Aurangzeb had his sickly father confined to the Fort at Agra. Shah Jahan spent his declining years gazing out at the Taj and died in 1666. The ruthless Aurangzeb proved to be the last of the Great Mughals. Throughout his reign, he expanded the empire in all directions. He also enforced a much more orthodox brand of Islam, even banning music in the empire (which made many Hindu rites impossible to perform). A three-year revolt by the Mughals long-time ally, the Pashtun, began in 1672. In the aftermath, the Mughals lost much of their authority in what is now Afghanistan, seriously weakening the empire. The British East India Company Aurangzeb died in 1707, and the Mughal state began a long, slow process of crumbling from within and without. Increasing peasant revolts and sectarian violence threatened the stability of the throne, and various nobles and warlords sought to control the line of weak emperors. All around the borders, powerful new kingdoms sprang up and began to chip away at Mughal land holdings. The British East India Company (BEI) was founded in 1600, while Akbar was still on the throne. Initially, it was only interested in trade  and had to content itself with working around the fringes of the Mughal Empire. As the Mughals weakened, however, the BEI grew increasingly powerful. The Last Days of the Mughal Empire In 1757, the BEI defeated the Nawab of Bengal and French company interests at the Battle of Palashi. After this victory, the BEI took political control of much of the subcontinent, marking the start of the British Raj in India. The later Mughal rulers held on to their throne, but they were simply puppets of the British. In 1857, half of the Indian Army rose up against the BEI in what is known as the Sepoy Rebellion or the Indian Mutiny. The British home government intervened to protect its own financial stake in the company  and put down the rebellion. Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar was arrested, tried for treason, and exiled to Burma. It was the end of the Mughal Dynasty. Legacy The Mughal Dynasty left a large and visible mark on India. Among the most striking examples of Mughal heritage are the many beautiful buildings that were constructed in the Mughal style- not just the Taj Mahal, but also the Red Fort in Delhi, the Fort of Agra, Humayans Tomb and a number of other lovely works. The melding of Persian and Indian styles created some of the worlds best-known monuments. This combination of influences can also be seen in the arts, cuisine, gardens, and even in the Urdu language. Through the Mughals, Indo-Persian culture reached an apogee of refinement and beauty. Sources Asher, Catherine B. Sub–Imperial Palaces: Power and Authority in Mughal India. Ars Orientalis 23, 1993.Begley, Wayne E. The Myth of the Taj Mahal and a New Theory of Its Symbolic Meaning. The Art Bulletin, 1979.Chand, Shyam. Book Review: Religious Dimensions of Indian Nationalism: A Study of the RSS by Shamsul Islam, Tribune India, 2006.Faraqui, Munis D. The Princes of the Mughal Empire, 1504–1719. Cambridge University Press, 2012.Foltz, Richard. Cultural Contacts between Central Asia and Mughal India. Central Asiatic Journal, 1998.Haider, Najaf. Norms of Professional Excellence and Good Conduct in Accountancy Manuals of the Mughal Empire. International Review of Social History, 2011.Mukhia, Harbans. The Mughals of India, New Delhi. Wiley-Blackwell, 2004.Schimmel, Annemarie Burzine K. Waghmar. The Great Empire of the Mughals: History, Art and Culture. Reaktion Books, 2004.

Jeff Hancock's analysis speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Jeff Hancock's analysis speech - Essay Example He provides different types of evidence to back up his claims such as statistical evidence and personal stories that have a bearing on his speech. His transition from one point to another within the speech was very evident, and this made it possible for the audience to keep up with him throughout the speech; this is because he was able to maintain a logical flow of thought that was not confusing to the audience. Jeff’s introduction was effective in that he was able to capture the audience’s attention through a joke and an interactive approach, by throwing them a challenge in question form. The audience demonstrated their familiarity with the topic by readily participating in the challenge, thus granting the speaker a full ear throughout the speech session. In his conclusion, Jeff was able to summarize his main points as well as reiterate his main idea about the topic of his speech; this conclusion was effective in that, not only did it achieve to signal the end of the s peech, but also it did compel the audience to reflect upon the concluded discussions. The speaker’s delivery of the speech was excellent because he struck as a credible source of information to the audience in a number of ways to build his credibility; Jeff starts by citing well-known ancient scholars thus demonstrating his vast knowledge in the topic. He also goes ahead to present different forms of evidence, in addition to, switching between a number of presentation modes such as question-answer, lecture and LCD; all that demonstrates his level of preparedness and research on the topic to the audience. Throughout the speech, Jeff appears poise, confident and professional because he does not rush through his points in a haphazard manner. The speaker performed excellently on his voice control; his choice of tone and intonation was very appropriate for

The Scottish Parliament Building Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Scottish Parliament Building - Assignment Example Effective time management does not only ensure that the project is not delayed, but also it ensures that benefits from the projects are derived in a timely manner. David et al (2006) argues that creating a proper project plan is an essential aspect that a firm should take into consideration when initiating any project. Nevertheless, some project managers do not realise the value of a project plan particularly in saving time, reducing cost and improving performance. According to Lewis (2006) there are various strategies that are put in place by project managers in order to ensure a project meets the needs of its users, these includes, incremental, interactive, as well as phased approaches. Whichever approach is employed, project managers who are focused at making their projects successful must espouse careful consideration so as to achieve the objectives of their projects. One of the best aspects that managers must emulate in order to attain the goals of the project is to effectively manage their teams. It is significant to note that team members need to be motivated since their role of ensuring timely completion of projects is paramount (Joseph 2003). Some of the major ways of motivating human labour force includes training, salary increment, holidays and promotion. This paper seeks to discuss various aspects that contributed to the success of Scottish Parliament. Major primary elements that will be discussed include proper allocation of resources, appropriate planning of time as well as hiring of skilled labour. Factors that contributed to the success in the construction of Scottish Parliament Proper use of resources Commencement of Scottish Parliament building, that is located east of Edinburgh town, was started in 1999. One of the major aspects that led the construction of Scottish Parliament to be successful was efficient allocation and use of resources from internal sources and external donors. As stipulated by Dardanelli (2005) it is vital for project man agers to ensure effective use of financial resources so as to avoid corruption and misuse of resources which are major causes project failure. Time planning Efficient time planning by the Scottish Parliament project managers highly contributed to the successful completion of Scottish Parliament. As stipulated by Bain (2004) failure by some project managers to appropriately manage their time, is a key issue that leads to delays in the completion of projects. In order to ensure timely completion of the Scottish Parliament, despite the controversies of cost increment and site selection, project managers ensured appropriate scheduling of activities that were concerned in the completion of the parliament building. Balfour & McCrone (2005) argues that notwithstanding the criticisms from various individuals for example Lord Fraser and public reaction, Scottish Parliament building was welcomed by various professionals and architects.   Public inquiry  that aimed at investigating the man agement and the supervision of the entire construction criticised the top management team due to selection of Bovis as the senior manager as well as appointment of non-Scottish architect. Skilled labour force Scottish Parliament was also successful due to experienced labour force. It is imperative to note that efficient managers take into consideration the experience of

Special Needs Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Special Needs Report - Essay Example Solution-focused counseling involves a clear set of beliefs about students and an identifiable set of questioning techniques. The central belief is that it is more productive and effective to focus on students' skills, abilities and resources rather than on their weaknesses or what is going wrong and why. Other important beliefs include the following (Gass and Gillis, 1995): The main skill in solution-focused counseling is the use of effective questioning. Presented below are several types of questions that are illustrative of how a positive focus on solutions, rather than problems, can be achieved with students and others who are 'stuck' (based on Manthei, 1997). It is not unusual for students to begin experiencing positive changes in their difficulties in between the problem being identified and the time when they talk to the teacher about it. These 'pre-counseling improvements' often signal ways in which the student has begun successfully dealing with the problem, even if unwittingly so. If such change has occurred, teachers should explore the reasons for those improvements and identify the helpful factors over which the student has control. The three approaches presented so far, the problem-solving and solution-focused approaches and the application of listening skills in counseling on the run, are ones which teachers can use effectively to deal with the majority of situations in schools, which require counseling. They are also ones which teachers can learn relatively quickly, for example, after reading this book and attending a one-day workshop. However, there are a wide range of other counseling techniques or intervention strategies which can be very useful in the school setting, given the right circumstances. These strategies are more specialized ones, which require more extensive information than can be presented here and so require further reading. Teachers have successfully implemented many of these strategies with little or no additional training. However, ideally, they should obtain training on the strategies from qualified counselors and then only use them in settings in which ongoing guidance from colleagues with experience of using the strategies are available. Brief outlines of a selection of such strategies, with suggestions for further reading, are presented below. More information on each of the strategies and a variety of other strategies which can be used in schools can be found in Thompson and Rudolph (2000) and Vernon (1993). Cognitive therapy This is an approach which is based on the view that the feelings and behavior of students are influenced by their thoughts or beliefs (Hughes, 1988). Therefore, changing their

Impacts of Drug and Substance Abuse of Youths

Impacts of Drug and Substance Abuse of Youths Drug and substance abuse continues to be a major problem worldwide, and in particular, Malawi. It is estimated that there are over 12 million abusers in United Stated of America and 500,000 cocaine users in South Africa (Fabiano Maganga,2002, pp124-127). It is a common knowledge that most of the drug and substance abusers are youth and young adults, i.e. the most productive age groups. Most teenagers begin to experiment with substances at an early age which may lead to drug and substance dependence or addiction. This may occur through the progression from experimentation with drugs/ substances to their occasional use and they lead them to the development of tolerance and physical dependence (Malunda Mpinganjira, 2009, p.147). The most common drug in Malawi is cannabis, also called hemp or chamba and the smoking of hemp is increasing rapidly, particularly among young people. Almost every school has some boys and girls who smoke chamba indicating that the drug is very easy to obtain (Fabiano Maganga, 2002, pp.124-125). Risk factors that predispose people to drug/substance abuse are lack of mental or emotional resources against stress, a low tolerance for frustration, and the need for immediate relief of tension or distress (Malunda Mpinganjira, 2009, p. 147). According to Arterburn Burns (1989, pp42-46), biological predisposition, peer pressure, parental attitudes and parenting style are also some of the factors which lead adolescents to indulge in such malpractices. The EAM (1998, p.27), says lack of recreational facilities for the youth makes them to find other forms of recreation such as drugs and drinks. Drug and substance abuse among the youth is associated with a broad range of high risk behaviors. This type of behavior can have profound health, economic and social consequences such deviant behaviors, unprotected sexual intercourse, interpersonal violence, destruction of property and perform poorly in the studies (Malunda Mpinganjira, 2009, p.147). According to Kabwila (2000, p.19), Many cases of indiscipline in schools, homes, sports and entertainment places are as a result of abusing drugs, alcohol, and other substances. Peschke (1993, p.249) said; Death caused by smoking far exceed the death rate from Aids and traffic accidents. The excessive drinking of alcohol is not illegal but it can have serious effects on both the individual and society. Alcoholism is the/ number one socio- medical problem. Alcohol makes a person irresponsible and much more likely to engage in unprotected sex, therefore, a factor in the spread of HIV/AIDS. It can also lead to illness, particularly diseases of the liver (FabianoMaganga, 2002, p.125). Therefore if deaths caused by smoking exceed the death rate from Aids and traffic accidents it is important to analyze the causes and effects of drug and substance abuse among the youths so as to draw out measures of how to help them. According to Malunda Mpinganjira (2009, p.148), drug and substance abuse is worsened by complex socio-economic challenges such as unemployment, poverty and crime in general. Most of the youth that are involved in drug and substance abuse are led into a life of crime. Police records reveal that 90% of the criminals arrested in this country are between the ages of 17 and 30 years of age (Dzonzi, EAM, 1998, p.88). Therefore it is of great importance to examine possible factors related to the abuse of drugs and substances among the youths so as to draw out measures of how to help them. Background information Mkanda Zone is one of the areas affected by drug and substance abuse. It is a Trading center, North of Mchinji District which borders with Zambia. A lot of businesses are being carried out in this area; shops, dealers, and local businesses. Many adolescents especially school going age in this area are engaged in drug, substance as well as alcoholism. Drug and substance abuse is linked to other kinds of irresponsible behavior such as unprotected sex or violence. Such risky behaviors may lead to economic, social, and health problems as individuals as well as nation. For example, some youth participate in deviant peer groups, unprotected sexual intercourse, interpersonal violence, destruction of property and others. Secondary schools are facing a lot of problems because of students who are involved in substance abuse, as a result there are many indiscipline cases happening at school. Some of the students who abuse drugs and substances will not perform well in their studies or they will just drop out of school leading to high number of illiterate people. Adolescents use drugs and substances for various reasons such as peer group pressure, family problems, developmental stage, stress and relief, availability and others (Mueller, 1999, p.317). For a country to develop it needs its young people to become educated, to work hard and become active and responsible citizens. No matter what, the issue of drug and substance abuse remain a major problem among the children and teenagers. Parents and educators should be aware of the extent of drug and substance abuse and its effects. It is therefore important to determine the reasons and nature of substances abuse in youth in Mkanda area in order to be able to suggest measures which could be applied to prevent and control the substance abuse problem. Statement of the problem The youth today are more rebellious, more troubled emotionally, more confused sexually, less idealistic, more critical of values and standards of adult culture and more disengaged from them (Dzonzi, EAM, 1998, P.86). One of the major critical decisions that Malawian youth comes face to face with is on the use of drugs and alcohol. According to Kabwila (2000,p.19), Many cases of indiscipline in schools, homes, sports, and entertainment places are as a result of abusing drugs, alcohol and other substances. It has been said that almost every school has some boys and girls who smoke chamba (Fabiano Maganga, 2002, p.124). Most of the youth that are involved in drug and substance abuse are led to a life of crime. Police records reveal that 90% of the criminal arrested in this country are between the age of 17 and 30 years of age. These crimes are committed daily in Malawi by young people most of them as a result of direct consequence o involvement in drug and alcohol abuse (Dzonzi, EAM, 1998, p.88). When it comes to the subject of drugs and substance abuse, parents, teachers, pastors, police officers, politicians feel out of their depths, understandably so because there is a lot of confusion and inaccurate information around, this is made worse by some highly charged and emotive news stories on the subject (EAM, 1998, p.86). In light of the above, the main research question of the study; Why do most of the youth use substance? From the major research question, the following are some of sub questions: Which substances are used by most of the youth? What are the effects of drug and alcohol abuse on education? Which strategies can be developed to prevent substance abuse among youth? Purpose of the study The major aim of this research was to carry out an investigation why most of the youth nowadays are engaged in drug and substance abuse and even alcoholism in selected secondary schools in Mkanda area. Even though such lessons are taught from their earliest ages (primary school), the syndrome seems to be on an increase. The following were the specific objectives of the study: Investigate reasons why most of the youth in Mkanda area are involved in drug and alcohol abuse. An explanation of the mostly abused drug among the youth in secondary schools in Mkanda area. Identify the effects of being involved in drug and alcohol abuse on their education. Identify the strategies to prevent drug and substance abuse among the youth Significance of study Today, drug and substance abuse continues to grow at rising rates among children and the youths. Young people today are exposed to drugs earlier than before. The study on this topic will be of great importance to the nation of Malawi. Firstly, the findings of this study will be used to educate the youths and their parents on drug and substance abuse in Mkanda area and other areas in Malawi. Not only will the findings of this research educate the youths and their parents but also will help educators and other professionals involved in youth ministries to understand the prevalence of youth drug and substance use and abuse in order to develop effective evidence-based strategies and policies which will be used to control the problem of drug and substance abuse. Surely, creating a drug free society reduces consequences that may arise and produce responsible citizens. Hypotheses Drug and substance abuse is influenced by biological and psychological factors. The researcher in this research paper has the following hypotheses: Locally availability of such substances at lowest prices. Lack of other entertainments. Lack of role model. Limitations This study will be conducted in few schools due to lack of time. Responded might not be willing to complete the questionnaires in which will make the researcher some delays to compile the results. Some respondents will not be free to express the truth from the matter fearing that they are going to be arrested since it is a sensitive issue. Money for travelling to gather information is also an issue to be considered. Time is also limited to carry out this research effectively. Language (English) will also be a problem to those with low levels of education. Delimitations The researcher will not disclose names of those who indulge themselves in the business of selling these illegal drugs and those who are involved in the smoking Indian hemp. The researcher will also not give some money to those who will be involved in answering questionnaires. Definitions of terms and Acronyms Adolescent: The developmental transition between childhood and adulthood. Drug: A substance which has a physical effect on human beings. EAM: Evangelical Association of Malawi HHHIV/AIDS: Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome Substance: Any kind of matter . Substance Abuse: Refers to the use of substances for purposes other than what they are intended for or in excess. Youth: Any person aged in the range of 15-24 years old. CHAPTER 2:  REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE This chapter reviews the related scientific literature. The chapter is divided into five sections. The first section presents an overview of types of drugs and substances in general. The second section deals with the commonly abused drugs in Malawi. The third section contains some of misconceptions associated drug and substance abuse mostly among the youths. The fourth section is concerned the reasons why most people indulge themselves in drug and substance abuse. The next section deals with the effects of drug and substance abuse on an individual. Types of drugs and substances Drugs come in various forms and can be taken in numerous ways. Some are legal and others are not (access. Ewu.edu/à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦education/substance-use-and-abuse/drug-facts.xml). Stimulants. Stimulants are drugs which speed up the bodys nervous system and create a feeling of energy. They are also called uppers because of their ability to make you feel at awake. Stimulants have the opposite effects of depressants. Constant use of stimulants can have very negative effects on the user such as compulsive drugs seeking behavior, anxiety, confusion and insomnia. Examples of such drugs are cocaine, methamphetamines/ amphetamines, Ritalin, caffeine and nicotine (Mueller, 1999, p.372). Depressants. These are drugs which sedate and slow down the activity of the central nervous system. Teens who want to relax or reduce their level of anxiety will often turn to depressants. Many teens will use stronger and more toxic doses in order to enter into the state of euphoria and excitement before the sedating power of the drug takes effect. (Mueller, 1999, p.316). Mueller says these depressants are highly addictive, and long-term users develop physical and psychological dependence on these drugs. Commonly Abused Drugs in Malawi According to Kabwila, (2000, pp.19-20), the term drug refer to a medicated substance taken orally or through injection in order to relieve pain or suffering. Drug and substance abuse refers to the use of drugs and substances for purposes other than what they are intended for or in excess. Continuous use of these drugs leads to addiction. Addiction is defined as a state of periodic or chronic intoxication produced by the repeated consumption of a drug and involves tolerance, psychological dependence, usually physical dependence, and an overwhelming compulsion to continue using the drug which detrimentally affects both the individual and society (Wilkerson, 1971, p.87). In Malawi, the mostly abused drugs are cannabis, mandrax, cocaine, valium, petrol, alcohol and tobacco (MIE, 2011, p.88). Cannabis is locally known as chamba, and tobacco (cigarettes). Alcohol can be traditional beverages such as chibuku and kachasu, and imported alcoholic drinks like beer (Bisika, 2004, p.29). According to Bisika, Malawi has been used as a transit route for other drugs like mandrax, heroin and cocaine (p.29). The main primary drug of abuse among students is cannabis (79.3%) followed by alcohol (19.3%). The predominant secondary drug of abuse is alcohol (30.4%) and cannabis (20%). The commonest method of use for the primary drug of abuse is smoking (77%) followed by drinking (23%) (Bisika et al, 2004, pp53-54). Cannabis. The cannabis plant or hemp is the source of marijuana (chamba), and THC. The commonly used form of cannabis is the dried leaves, buds, and stems of the plant (Mueller, 1999, p.315). Teenagers refer to marijuana as Mary Jane, pot, grass, or weed. Cannabis leaves are prepared and used in the following ways: Prepared like tea and swallowed. Baked into cakes or cookies and eaten. Snuffed like tobacco and inhaled. Smoked like cigarettes-inhaled. Smoked in pipes. Cooked as relish. In Malawi, cannabis is grown widely throughout the country and the production is about 399.3 hectares according to the Cannabis Survey which was commissioned by the Ministry of Home Affairs in 2003 (Bisika, 2004,p.31). Bisika et al. found that the main commercial growing areas of cannabis are Nkhatabay, Mzimba, Kasungu, Nkhotakota, and Ntchisi. Other districts like Dedza, Ntcheu, Chitipa, and Zomba grow in small scale. Bisika came up with hospital records of cannabis related admission patients from 1995 to 2003. Records shows that in 1995, there were 205 patients at Zomba Mental Hospital (the only government-institution that caters for mentally ill patients), but in 2003, the number raised up to 269. According to a psychiatric nurse at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, findings shows that the most common abused drug in Malawi seems to be cannabis (p.30). Bisika further found that police records shows that there are many cases of cannabis trafficting. Narcotics. These are drugs which depress the central nervous system and at the same time relieve pain such as pain killers like panado. Alcohol. In Malawi, alcohol is consumed by the general public and is not as stigmatized as cannabis. According to Arterburn Burns (1989, p.64-67), alcohol is a food because it has calories, is a drug because it alters moods, and is a poison because in large quantities its toxic. The alcoholic is any person who consumes so much alcohol that he or she becomes addicted to the chemical. Braathen (2008, pp.30-31), listed several types of alcohol. Carlsberg is referred to any bottled beer manufactured by Carlsberg Breweries in Malawi such as green, brown, stout and special. Chibuku is another alcoholic product from Chibuku products Malawi Limited made from maize porridge which is much cheaper than Carlsberg beer. Kachasu is another type of alcoholic beverage, made from maize bran mixed with sugar and water and is left for some days to ferment and then is brewed. Kachasu is a strong spirit brewed by local women. Misconceptions Associated with Drug and Substance Abuse Some people indulge in such practice because of the misled information they get from friends which is not true (Kabwila, 2000, p.53). The following are some of misconceptions people have in their mind: Drug and substances give them energy to do work Assist them to ease their tension and stress Relieve their frustrations Make them feel high or enjoy themselves Give them pleasure and leisure Make them more intelligent Give then to do courage to do work Make them to forget their problems. In addition to the above misconceptions, there are also some traditional beliefs in Malawi that encourage the use of cannabis (chamba). Bisika et al. quoted the SENDU report for 2002 reported that some mothers use cannabis to treat measles (2004, p.32). Furthermore cannabis will give them confidence in their relationship with the opposites sex while some think that cannabis can improve their sexual potency. Why Teenagers Abuse Drug and Substances Alcohol, tobacco illicit drugs such as marijuana (chamba) and steroids are some of the most abused drugs and substances (Malunda and Mpinganjira, 2009, p.15). Peschke (1993) came up with some of the causes for one to be indulged in drug and substance abuse like that some seeks the pleasure (p.253). Life is boring so many teenagers find drugs and substances, alcohol to be an exciting form of recreation that is cheap, easy, and fun to do with a group of friend. (Mueller, 1999, p.317). Curiosity and experimentation. Many children will satisfy their curiosity about unknown world of tobacco, alcohol, and drugs by trying them to find out just what smoking, drinking and doing drugs are like (Mueller, 1999, p.316). Teens in their developmental stages like to discover what is good for them. Some young people are always curious about something that is mysterious, adventurous, dangerous, and illegal (Wilkerson, 1971, p.90). Although curiosity is given an excuse for having started a habit, it is often later found out that some character defect perpetuated the drug taking. Peer pressure. The strongest motivator for a young person is the desire for acceptance by peers (ArterburnBurns, 1989, p.43). Young people indulge in such malpractice because of peer pressure. With the desire to fit in and be accepted and loved, children and teens who feel insecure and unloved at home give in the pressure. (Mueller, 1999, p.317). These are also called the social addict or the social give-ins; young people who take drugs because it is the sociable thing to do- everyone is doing it. (Wilkerson, 1971, p.91). Youth think that taking drugs is a prerequisite for belonging to some groups. Most teenagers often begin using and abusing drugs and substances as a result of peer pressure. Lack of adequate family support, failure of parental supervision and excess unsupervised free time also contribute to increased drug/substance use and abuse among teenagers.(Malunda and Mpinganjira, 2009, p.17). Availability. Children and teens find drugs and alcohol easy to get. Even though its illegal to buy cigarettes until the age of eighteen, more students are reported buying cigarettes without asked for proof of age. But the most unbelievable source of alcohol for many teenagers in their parents. ( Mueller, 1999,p.317). Some of the reasons why teenagers are involved drug and substance abuse advertising. Advertisements are especially effective as smoking and drinking recruiters. Tobacco industries and Breweries industries promote their products.(Mueller, 1999, p.318). Teens are fair game for advertising messages that suggest that drinking and smoking lead to maturity, sophistication, beauty, fun and acceptance. Biological Predisposition. Genetic predisposition plays a big role in siblings to chemical dependency. Children from such families whereby both parents are alcoholics, the risks is even higher. Reports from drug and alcohol center shows that usually 50% of the patients come from families where a parent is an alcoholic (ArterburnBurns, 1989, p.43). It is increasingly clear that alcoholism, or the potential for addiction, is passed father to son and from mother to daughter not because of bad home environments, but because of family inheritance pattern. (p.44). Life Crisis. Family problems are another factor for drug and substance abuse for teens. Children who come from homes where there is divorce, separation, an absent parent, discord, marital conflict, unreasonable pressure/expectations, poor communication, abuse or alcoholism are more likely to abuse drugs and alcohol. Escapers. These are young people seeking to escape from boredom, responsibility, frustration and anxiety.(Wilkerson, 1971, p.91). The life a normal teenager is filled with all kinds of stresses so drug and alcohol often becomes coping mechanisms for teens that have no other way to grow constructively through adolescence. ( Mueller,1999,p.318). Mueller also says that todays pop-culture icons and role models send pro-substance abuse messages through their lyrics, videos and lifestyle, movies, TV, and even fashions. Some teens want to look grown-up. When teens realize they arent children anymore, they dont want to look like children, so they will make an extra effort to look older than they really are. (Mueller, 1999, p.318). Mueller also says that todays pop-culture icons and role models send pro-substance abuse messages through their lyrics, videos and lifestyle, movies, TV, and even fashions. Effects of drug and substance on individual Drug and substance abuse have carries many risks on individual, family as well as the nation at large. Below are some of the abused drugs and substances along with their effects. Alcohol. Medical evidence shows that chronic alcohol abuse leads to severe brain damage which also leads to insanity. Alcohol also causes liver disease called Cirrhosis- hardening of the liver which prevents the free flow of blood causing the liver not to function properly because of many toxins that remain in the blood leading to severe brain damage (Dzonzi, 2004, p.86). Fabiano and Maganga ( 2002, p.125) says Alcohol makes a person irresponsible and much more likely to engage in unprotected sex, therefore high risks of spreading sexually transmitted diseases (STIs) such as HIV/AIDS. Furthermore, alcohol robs peoples money instead of buying basic needs such as food, clothes and good housing; they spend the money on alcohol. The World Book Encyclopedia (1994, p.362), says alcohol can damage the liver, brain and heart, some users lose interest in school or work or have difficulty meeting the responsibilities of a job or family. Fabiano and Maganga(2002,p.124), says alcohol affects a persons ability to concentrate and heavy drinking. Cannabis (marijuana,hashish and THC). The cannabis plant or hemp is the source of marijuana, hashish and THC (tetrahydrocannabinal). According to Mueller (1999, p.315), short-term effects of cannabis include increased heart and respiratory rate, reddening of eyes and sleepiness. Continued use of cannabis leads to more respiratory problems, lung cancer, loss of energy, confused thinking, slow reactions, impaired memory and apathy. Users of cannabis are likely to be violent and to commit crimes and continued use of hemp lead to mental illness. (FabianoMaganga, 2002, p.125). Another effect of hemp is that the mood-altering chemical THC affects hormones in men and causes a temporary loss of fertility (ArterburnBurns, 1989, p.76). Tobacco. Long-term smoking of tobacco leads to cancer, heart diseases and respiratory diseases. Also tobacco smoke is one of the contributing agents to pollution of air (Dzonzi, 2004, p.87). Other drugs (mandrax, cocaine and heroin). These drugs are more likely than hemp to cause mental illness, infertility, impotence, suicide or death from an overdose (Fabiano Maganga 2004, p.126). The World Book Encyclopedia (1994, p.362), says alcohol can damage the liver, brain and heart, some users lose interest in school or work or have difficulty meeting the responsibilities of a job or family. REFERENCES Access. Ewu.edu/à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..education/substance-use-and-abuse/drug-facts.xml. Arterburn, Stephen Burns, Jim (1989). Drug-Proof Your Kids; A Prevention Guide An Intervention Plan. Pomona, California. Bisika,Thomas et al.(2004). Drug Abuse and HIV/AIDS in Malawi; Results from a Rapid Situation Assessment. Centre for Social Research, University of Malawi. Braathen, Stine H (2008). Substance Use and Abuse and its Implications in a Malawian Context- Pilot Project 1. SINTEF Health Report; Oslo, Norway. Dzonzi,Lot(1998). Evangelical Association of Malawi. Lilongwe, Malawi. Fabiano, Margaret Maganga, John (2002). Malawi Secondary Social and Development Studies. Macmillan, Malawi. Kabwila, V.P.(2000). Junior Secondary Population and Sexual Health Education in Social Studies. Malawi Institute of Education; Zomba, Malawi. Malunda, Henry Mpinganjira, Mercy (2009). Jhango, Social and Development Studies Book 4. Jhango Publishing Company, Blantyre. Malawi Institute of Education (2011). Life Skills and Sexual and Reproduction Health for HIV and AIDS Education for Primary School in Malawi; A Training Manual, Domasi, Zomba. Mueller, Walt (1998). Understanding Todays Youth Culture. Wheaton, Illinois. Peschke, Karl. (1993). Christian Ethics: Moral Theology in the Light of Vatican II. New Delhi, India. Wilderson, David and Don (1971). The Untapped Generation. Zondervan Publishing House; Grand Rapids, Michigan.

The Historical and Colonial Context of Brian Friel’s Translations Essay

The Historical and Colonial Context of Brian Friel’s Translations Regarded by many as Brian Friel’s theatrical masterpiece, Seamus Deane described Translations as â€Å"a sequence of events in history which are transformed by his writing into a parable of events in the present day† (Introduction 22). The play was first produced in Derry in 1980. It was the first production by Field Day, a cultural arts group founded by Friel and the actor Stephen Rea, and associated with Deane, Seamus Heaney and Tom Paulin. As Deane asserts, the play is in many respects an intelligent and enlightening metaphor for the situation in Northern Ireland. The aims of raising cultural awareness and dispelling socio-political apathy in the North were central to the objectives of the Field Day group. However, despite Friel’s concerns with contemporary Ireland, the play is also an enchanting fictive account of the Irish experience of British colonialism. My aim in this page is to firmly place Translations within its historical context, in order to understand the representation of colonialism in the play and to facilitate further post-colonial readings. Translations may be located both temporally and spatially to a fixed point in Irish history. The characters hail from Baile Beag, renamed with the anglicised title of Ballybeg. The action of the play occurs over a number of days towards the end of August 1833. Before delving into the play it is clear, from these most general of points, that the mise-en-scene of Translations is a period of great significance in the colonial relationship between Ireland and England. The lifetime of Hugh and Jimmy Jack, the sixty years or so running up to 1833, bore witness to many important events in the metamorphosis of Ireland from a rural Gaelic society to a modern colonial nation. To go back another seven decades, in 1704 penal laws were enacted â€Å"which decreed that a Catholic could not hold any office of state, nor stand for Parliament, vote, join the army or navy, practise at the bar nor....buy land† (Kee Ireland: A History 54). Thus, by 1778 a mere five per cent of the land of Ireland was owned by Catholics. The Irish people (most notably Catholics, though Protestants also) such as those portrayed in Translations suffered severe discrimination, poverty and hardship. The French Revolution of 1789 jolted Irish political thinking into a new fr... ... to speak English and every subject will be taught through English (396). Maire’s desire, at the opening of the play, to speak English shall soon be enforced by law throughout the National Schools in Ireland. Where Dan O’Connell and Maire both assumed the use of English would allow progress towards their respective national and personal dreams, Hugh believes that English was simply for â€Å"commerce† but that it â€Å"couldn’t really express us (the Irish)† (418). He realised that the use of Gaelic, of remaining true to their own traditions was a method of resisting colonialism, â€Å"our only method of replying to .... inevitabilities† (418). Perhaps the most ironic passage in the play appears during a conversation between Yolland and Hugh. Hugh indulges himself the smiling position of condescending to the young soldier, dismissing William Wordsworth (and by implication English Literature): Wordsworth?.... No I’m afraid we’re not familiar with your literature, Lieutenant. .... We tend to overlook your island (417). Poignantly, within a relatively short period of time the poetry of Wordsworth, and of the English canon, would be read and recited by the majority of children in Ireland.

Education Between Indigenous and Non- Indigenous Australians. Essay

Discuss if and how the area of education can contribute to achieve relationships between Indigenous and non- Indigenous Australians. Education is among the most important factors in achieving relationships between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians. Through the incorporation of Indigenous Education in all schools, Australian children will have every opportunity to learn and understand Aboriginal issues and history, which will help eliminate naive and stereotypical perceptions of Aboriginal Australians in the future. For relationships between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians to become a true reality a quality Aboriginal Education curriculum must be developed within Australian schools through the National Curriculum that is to be implemented in 2012. Such a curriculum must promote reconciliation, which would mean giving all students the opportunity to develope and sustain relationships between Indigenous and non Australians on a mutual and respectful basis (Reconciliation Australia, 2005-2011). Through quality education, relationships can one day be achieved, with both Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians working together cooperatively, to bridge the social and financial gaps that exist between the two. Education is paramount to this and will help to serve the best interest for all Australians. To be successful in building relationships, it is important for all to gain knowledge and understanding of the history of Indigenous Australians and their culture. Racism and misrepresentations are often bred by ignorance, yet with the right education, such attitudes can indeed be altered. For a quality curriculum to be successfully delivered in Australian schools, tertiary institutions must continue to focus on the education of future teachers in the field of Aboriginal Education. Mick Dodson stated that: ‘If like me, you believe education is the principle pathway to reconciliation, you need to act on that belief’ (Dodson, Reconciliation Australia, 2005-2011), meaning that education is the most important means of achieving relationships amongst Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians. Therefore, it is crucial to include Aboriginal Education in all Australian schools, as it is such a significant part of Australia’s history as well as its present (Hunter & Schwab, Practical reconciliation and recent trends in Indigenous education, 2004). Many non-Indigenous people’s perceptions of Indigenous Australians are somewhat negative due to the fact that they have never truly been educated about Aboriginal history, issues and affairs. Such attitudes, which are generally bred from ignorance rather than experience, are able to be changed through education. If all children are educated about Aboriginal history and culture, they will grow up with positive perceptions of Indigenous Australians that they will be able to pass on to future generations. However, for relationships to become a reality there needs to be some substantial evidence of agreement in the area of education between Indigenous and non Indigenous Australians (Hunter & Schwab, 2004). This can be achieved through the National Curriculum, which is to be implemented throughout Australian schools in 2012, where Aboriginal perspectives will hopefully make up a significant part. The Australian Curriculum and Assessment Reporting Authority has acknowledged the importance of relationships and is currently writing Indigenous perspectives into the national curriculum ‘to make sure that all Australians have the chance to learn about, understand and respect the history and culture of Aboriginal people and Torres Strait Islanders’ (Greenfield & Harrison, Relationship To Place). It is of critical importance that Indigenous Australians continue to be involved in the development of an Aboriginal Education curriculum. Since 1982, Indigenous Australians have been active in the development of the NSW Department of Education Aboriginal Education Policy. The rationale for creating this policy was originally for people to recognise the significance in including Aboriginal Education into the school curriculum (Reconciliation, 2006). The policy was created in the hope that Indigenous Australians could share accurate knowledge and understandings with non-Indigenous Australians about their culture and history in contrast to the largely ignorant misunderstandings that have long been perceived (Reconciliation, 2006). Another important goal of the policy was to eliminate stereotypical assumptions, which often resulted in racist attitudes and behaviour by those who have not been properly educated or do not have a sound understanding of Aboriginal culture. Similar to the NSW Aboriginal Education Policy is The Melbourne Declaration on Educational Goals for Young Australians, which stresses the importance for every Australian student to ‘appreciate and recognize the significance of Indigenous cultures and enhance the knowledge, skills and understanding to contribute to, and gain from, relationships between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians’ (Greenfield & Harrison, Relationship To Place). Through persistence, continued development and the implementation into all Australian schools, a uniform Aboriginal Education curriculum that is developed with the assistance of Indigenous Australians can only work to assist in the achievement of relationships in this country. Those that already exist, such as the NSW Aboriginal Education Policy and the Melbourne Declaration on Educational Goals for Young Australians, can be used as a foundation for the further development of a successful, Australia-wide Aboriginal Education curriculum. In order for education to aid the process of relationships in Australia, a quality Aboriginal Education curriculum must be mandatory in all Australian schools. Such a curriculum would therefore need to be widely understood and embraced by both current and future educators. In order for this to become a reality, teacher training courses must enable all educators to understand that Australia has a significant Aboriginal history and Aboriginal view points on social, cultural and historical matters (Reconciliation, 2006). To be successful in achieving relationships between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians, it is important when teaching Indigenous studies to be able to understand and acknowledge reconciliation as a step into political restoration (Reconciliation, 2006). Delivering all Australian students an Aboriginal Education curriculum that incorporates this is an important way to gain a common understanding between Indigenous and non Indigenous people. A way to help achieve relationships is to include accurate and core information into Indigenous studies subjects, for student teachers involved in education courses (Reconciliation, 2006). A curriculum that incorporates these things would play a significant part in eliminating negative perceptions through properly educating non-Indigenous Australians about Indigenous Australians, their history and their current social and cultural view points. Through further educating our educators in Aboriginal history, culture and affairs, the message of reconciliation has the opportunity to become more widespread. Therefore, there is a need for educators to teach Aboriginal Education, including at a tertiary level because in the past, Australian schools and institutions have largely ignored Aboriginal studies (Teaching the Teachers Aboriginal Studies, 2005, p. 14). Over many years there have been government reports given to Australian teacher education institutions to include compulsory Indigenous Studies courses for teachers to assist in the cause for reconciliation between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people and to concentrate on Aboriginal educational disadvantage (Craven, 1998, Is the Dawn breaking?). Indigenous studies are vitally important for pre-service teachers to be taught, and learn how to teach, in order for this country to one day achieve reconciliation (Reconciliation, 2006). It has only been recently that changes in Australian teacher education institutions have provided student teachers with the opportunity to carry out Indigenous studies during their education courses (Teaching the Teachers Aboriginal Studies, 2005, p. 15). Within the 36 Australian tertiary institutions, there are 54 teacher education programs. It has been estimated that 48 percent of these include mandatory units of Indigenous studies. This is a massive increase considering that in 1992, there was no more than one university in Australia that made the topic of Indigenous studies mandatory for pre service teachers (Craven, 1998). However, this figure needs to be 100 percent in order for all future educators to suitably pass on their knowledge of Indigenous culture and history to their future students and do their part to promote reconciliation. In order to achieve relationships between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians, education must be a major focus. The delivery of a quality Aboriginal Education curriculum that has been developed with significant input from Indigenous Australians would provide Australian students with the opportunity to gain a true understanding of Aboriginal history and culture. This would aid the process of reconciliation substantially, as it would help to eliminate some of the preconceived misconceptions that some non-Indigenous Australians have towards Indigenous people and their culture. A quality curriculum for all Australian students would leave little room for ignorance and false judgements, as it would be providing them with truthful, accurate information, which would lay the foundation for reconciliation. Through educating our youth, relationships have a strong chance of becoming a reality because knowledge can be passed on through future generations. It is of great importance that both current and future educators become more and more exposed to teaching Aboriginal Education if relationships are to become a reality in Australia. References Author unknown, (2005-2011), Reconciliation Australia: Resources, http://www.reconciliation. org. au/home/resources, Viewed on 17/10/11 Mooney, J & Craven, R. G, (2006), Reconciliation: Why we need to teach Teacher’s to teach Aboriginal Studies to all Australian students, University of Western Sydney, , Viewed on 17/10/11 Craven, R. G, (2002),Is the Dawn Breaking? The First Empirical Investigations of the Impact of Mandatory Aboriginal Studies Teacher Education Courses on Teachers’ Self-concepts and Other Desirable Outcomes, University of Western Sydney, , Viewed on 17/10/2011 Dodson, M, (2005-2011), Reconciliation Australia: Mick Dodson speaks at the National Press Club, < http://www.reconciliation. org. au/home/latest/mick-dodson-speaks-at-the-national-press-club > Viewed on 19/10/11 Greenfield, M & Harrison, N, (date unknown), Relationship to place: Positioning aboriginal knowledge and perspectives in classroom pedagogies , Viewed on 18/10/11 Hunter, B. H. & Schwab, R. G. (2004), Practical reconciliation and recent trends in Indigenous education, The Australian National University , Viewed on 19/10/11 Author unknown, (2005), Teaching the Teachers Aboriginal Studies: Impact on Teaching, Australian Department of Education, Science and Training , p. 14 and 15, Viewed on 18/10/2011.